Restrict access to log files

Description

Every regular file under /var/log/, including the journal files in /var/log/journal/, must have no permission for other users, no write permission for its group and no execute bit (mode 0640 or stricter).

Two exceptions:

• the session records wtmp, btmp and lastlog (and their rotated copies) must stay writable by the utmp group, and wtmp and lastlog readable by everyone for last and lastlog to work: for them only execute bits and writes by other users are forbidden (mode 0664 or stricter);
• the package manager logs in /var/log/apt/, which apt recreates readable by everyone at each run, may be 0644;
• the files matching tolerated_0644 (by default dpkg.log* and alternatives.log*, which logrotate recreates with create 0644) may be 0644 too. They must never be writable by group or others.

journald creates its files with mode 0640 (set in /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf), and rsyslog with $FileCreateMode (CB-DEB-AUDIT-005).

On a fresh Debian 12 or 13 cloud image, dpkg.log, faillog and, on Debian 12, cloud-init.log are 0644. A file recreated by its program or by logrotate with a create 0644 directive goes back to the wider mode until the fix runs again: list such files in tolerated_0644, or change the create mode in /etc/logrotate.d/.

Rationale

Logs record failed logins (sometimes with a password typed in the user name field), source addresses, commands and application data. Readable logs help an attacker map the system; writable logs let them erase or forge their traces.

Impact

Users who are not in the adm group can no longer read files such as /var/log/cloud-init.log. Grant access with group membership (adm) instead of wider modes.

Setting

Parameters

The value used is your override (tailoring file), else the profile's, else the one of the profile it extends, else the default. Bounds limit what an override may set.

Audit

Run, as root:

find /var/log -type f ! -path '/var/log/apt/*' ! -name 'wtmp*' ! -name 'btmp*' ! -name 'lastlog*' -perm /0137 -ls
find /var/log -type f \( -name 'wtmp*' -o -name 'btmp*' -o -name 'lastlog*' \) -perm /0113 -ls
find /var/log/apt -type f -perm /0133 -ls

The commands must print nothing, except files matching {{ tolerated_0644 }} reported by the first command with mode 0644 (they must not be writable by group or others).

Automated: every check must pass. Scanners report each check by its id.

var-log

Files under /var/log with more access than allowed.

script: |
  [ -d /var/log ] || exit 2
  set -f
  ex= tol=
  for p in $CB_TOLERATED_0644; do ex="$ex ! -name $p"; tol="$tol -o -name $p"; done
  bad=$( { find /var/log -type f ! -path '/var/log/apt/*' ! -name 'wtmp*' ! -name 'btmp*' ! -name 'lastlog*' $ex -perm /0137
    find /var/log -type f \( -name 'wtmp*' -o -name 'btmp*' -o -name 'lastlog*' \) -perm /0113
    find /var/log/apt -type f -perm /0133
    [ -z "$tol" ] || find /var/log -type f \( ${tol# -o } \) -perm /0133; } 2>/dev/null)
  set +f
  if [ -n "$bad" ]; then
    printf '%s\n' "$bad" | while IFS= read -r f; do stat -c '%n %a' "$f"; done
    exit 1
  fi
  echo "no log file under /var/log is more permissive than allowed"

Remediation

Run, as root:

find /var/log -type f ! -path '/var/log/apt/*' ! -name 'wtmp*' ! -name 'btmp*' ! -name 'lastlog*' -perm /0137 -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx {} +
find /var/log -type f \( -name 'wtmp*' -o -name 'btmp*' -o -name 'lastlog*' \) -perm /0113 -exec chmod u-x,g-x,o-wx {} +
find /var/log/apt -type f -perm /0133 -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-wx {} +

For files rotated by logrotate, also change the create mode in the matching /etc/logrotate.d/ file.

Rollback

Run chmod 644 on the files that need to be readable by everyone again.

chmod

set -f
ex= tol=
for p in $CB_TOLERATED_0644; do ex="$ex ! -name $p"; tol="$tol -o -name $p"; done
find /var/log -type f ! -path '/var/log/apt/*' ! -name 'wtmp*' ! -name 'btmp*' ! -name 'lastlog*' $ex -perm /0137 -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx {} +
find /var/log -type f \( -name 'wtmp*' -o -name 'btmp*' -o -name 'lastlog*' \) -perm /0113 -exec chmod u-x,g-x,o-wx {} +
find /var/log/apt -type f -perm /0133 -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-wx {} +
[ -z "$tol" ] || find /var/log -type f \( ${tol# -o } \) -perm /0133 -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-wx {} +
set +f

Handwritten code reads parameters from CB_<NAME> environment variables. Each release turns these fixes into remediate.sh and an Ansible role per profile: dry run by default, a fix runs only when its check fails.

References

• tmpfiles.d(5), Debian manual pages Debian, vendor-doc, accessed 2026-10-18
• logrotate(8), Debian manual pages Debian, vendor-doc, accessed 2026-10-18
• ANSSI-BP-028 v2.0 - Recommandations de configuration d'un système GNU/Linux (R71) ANSSI, guide, accessed 2026-10-18

Mappings

How this control relates to the other framework's: equivalent, stricter, looser, partial or related.

Threats mitigated

People and lifecycle